1 00:02:01,999 --> 00:02:03,999 As I said, - 2 00:02:04,199 --> 00:02:08,359 dispute the jurisdiction of the court due to procedural error. 3 00:02:10,719 --> 00:02:15,519 Abduction of defendant and bringing before this court - 4 00:02:15,759 --> 00:02:19,239 doing justice whatever. 5 00:02:21,599 --> 00:02:25,839 The accused signed abducted while making a statement, - 6 00:02:26,119 --> 00:02:30,919 according to which he became free- conditionally before the court of Israel. 7 00:02:31,239 --> 00:02:35,519 The statement reads: “Min� signed by Adolf Eichmann..." 8 00:03:51,399 --> 00:03:54,039 Our lawyer draw up a statement, - 9 00:03:54,239 --> 00:03:57,039 which Zvi Aharoni took with him. 10 00:03:57,239 --> 00:04:01,639 Aharoni tried to get Eichmann to sign the statement, - 11 00:04:01,839 --> 00:04:04,439 but this was refused at first. 12 00:04:04,599 --> 00:04:09,999 He signed it only after two days. 13 00:04:27,999 --> 00:04:30,519 Israel Security Service - 14 00:04:30,639 --> 00:04:34,039 has found one of the worst of Nazi war criminals, - 15 00:04:34,159 --> 00:04:36,199 Adolf Eichmann. 16 00:04:36,439 --> 00:04:38,599 Eichmann is responsible - 17 00:04:38,719 --> 00:04:41,879 "the Jewish question of the final solution", - 18 00:04:41,999 --> 00:04:45,399 six million Europeans of the extermination of the Jew. 19 00:04:45,519 --> 00:04:48,639 Adolf Eichmann will soon face trial in Israel - 20 00:04:48,759 --> 00:04:52,359 of the Nazis and their helpers under the Penal Code. 21 00:05:10,639 --> 00:05:13,639 Used in the world heated discussion, - 22 00:05:13,759 --> 00:05:17,239 was Israel right capture Adolf Eichmann - 23 00:05:17,479 --> 00:05:19,879 and bring them to court. 24 00:05:20,079 --> 00:05:23,799 Israel did not exist Shoah during. 25 00:05:23,999 --> 00:05:27,959 So could Israel represent? Jewish people? 26 00:06:00,679 --> 00:06:04,199 We recorded more than 1600 km of video tape. 27 00:06:04,439 --> 00:06:09,239 Excerpts from the beginning of justice delivered to 56 countries of the world, - 28 00:06:09,399 --> 00:06:11,519 who had a television. 29 00:06:11,719 --> 00:06:16,079 About 35 countries, where there was no television, - 30 00:06:16,239 --> 00:06:20,719 showed clips in cinemas in connection with news reviews�. 31 00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:23,719 The material was seen all over the world. 32 00:06:25,399 --> 00:06:30,079 As the trial approaches tension grew in Israel. 33 00:06:30,359 --> 00:06:33,359 Places ran out. 34 00:06:33,559 --> 00:06:38,159 People were fighting over tickets and queued all night. 35 00:06:38,479 --> 00:06:42,039 From all over the world became famous journalists. 36 00:06:42,199 --> 00:06:44,439 Some stayed longer, - 37 00:06:44,599 --> 00:06:49,039 some returned home a couple after the first session. 38 00:06:49,479 --> 00:06:53,719 When the trial began in April 1961, - 39 00:06:53,879 --> 00:06:58,279 the hall was full the top group of reporters in the world. 40 00:07:04,439 --> 00:07:08,959 The world's best legal experts came to Jerusalem - 41 00:07:09,159 --> 00:07:12,239 to follow the justice process. 42 00:07:12,839 --> 00:07:16,639 They observed the process and its legality. 43 00:07:46,599 --> 00:07:52,039 As I stand here before you, judges of Israel, - 44 00:07:53,439 --> 00:07:58,359 and I demanded Adolf Eichmann to be condemned, - 45 00:07:58,559 --> 00:08:01,559 I don't stand here alone. 46 00:08:01,799 --> 00:08:06,399 With me stands here, at this moment, - 47 00:08:06,839 --> 00:08:10,239 six million accusers. 48 00:08:11,479 --> 00:08:14,479 They can't stand up - 49 00:08:14,759 --> 00:08:18,079 and point the accusing finger - 50 00:08:18,279 --> 00:08:23,599 that man in the glass booth� and shouts: "I'm to blame!" 51 00:08:25,279 --> 00:08:29,399 Their ashes rises in mounds in Auschwitz, - 52 00:08:29,599 --> 00:08:32,279 covered the fields of Treblinka - 53 00:08:32,439 --> 00:08:35,519 and has disappeared into the forests of Poland. 54 00:08:35,799 --> 00:08:39,999 Their graves are scattered across Europe. 55 00:08:43,399 --> 00:08:46,279 Their blood screams, - 56 00:08:47,559 --> 00:08:50,279 but their voices are not heard. 57 00:08:50,399 --> 00:08:55,199 That's why I acted their nose - 58 00:08:55,479 --> 00:09:00,279 and I blame these men in their name. 59 00:09:08,239 --> 00:09:12,679 I handled the investigation for nine months. 60 00:09:14,919 --> 00:09:17,399 After that I worked - 61 00:09:17,599 --> 00:09:20,799 by Gideon Hausner together with. 62 00:09:21,479 --> 00:09:25,519 We appeared in the same court and we also considered the complaint. 63 00:09:25,839 --> 00:09:30,439 So I worked two years full-time - 64 00:09:30,599 --> 00:09:33,399 Eichmann's in the administration of justice. 65 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:37,199 It was demanding prepare such a thing, - 66 00:09:37,399 --> 00:09:40,359 of which there was none never discussed before. 67 00:09:40,519 --> 00:09:44,159 It was something I had never done before about a broad and serious matter. 68 00:09:47,319 --> 00:09:50,239 It was a little difficult at first get witnesses. 69 00:09:50,359 --> 00:09:53,279 Many did not want to talk about those things. 70 00:09:53,399 --> 00:09:55,799 They had rejected them from their minds - 71 00:09:55,919 --> 00:09:58,919 had not spoken to his relatives too. 72 00:09:59,079 --> 00:10:02,479 I demand that from every country there had to be at least one witness. 73 00:10:04,159 --> 00:10:08,039 The most important pieces of evidence were of course the documents. 74 00:10:08,199 --> 00:10:12,399 Eichmann had been in the Gestapo Head of the Department of Jewish Affairs - 75 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:14,879 throughout the war. 76 00:10:15,119 --> 00:10:18,279 In all the most important ways - 77 00:10:18,519 --> 00:10:22,359 see Eichmann, of his immediate superiors - 78 00:10:22,599 --> 00:10:25,679 or his department's signature. 79 00:10:26,039 --> 00:10:30,159 Therefore, the documents formed the most important evidence. 80 00:11:02,199 --> 00:11:06,319 When the German troops had occupied Hungary, - 81 00:11:06,999 --> 00:11:11,999 Eichmann traveled to Hungary accompanied by a large command staff. 82 00:11:14,399 --> 00:11:18,599 We haven't heard yet what happened to the Hungarian Jews. 83 00:11:19,439 --> 00:11:22,119 They were transported to Auschwitz, - 84 00:11:22,239 --> 00:11:26,039 and there they were destroyed according to the final settlement. 85 00:12:22,239 --> 00:12:26,199 I was interested in getting the documents for example from Poland. 86 00:12:26,479 --> 00:12:30,079 I won't forget the day, when I received the letter, - 87 00:12:30,479 --> 00:12:34,559 where it appeared in the side shop typed numbers. 88 00:12:34,719 --> 00:12:39,239 The numbers meant Jews, who had been taken from the ghetto to Auschwitz. 89 00:12:39,399 --> 00:12:42,999 The number was tattooed on the Jewish arm. 90 00:12:43,239 --> 00:12:47,199 It's difficult in a criminal case rely on such evidence. 91 00:12:47,559 --> 00:12:50,959 So I called the police. 92 00:12:51,319 --> 00:12:53,799 I showed them those papers - 93 00:12:53,999 --> 00:12:57,439 and I said ``from Auschwitz'' hundreds survived. 94 00:12:57,639 --> 00:13:00,039 They have a number on their arm. 95 00:13:00,199 --> 00:13:03,679 They know the day, when they came to Auschwitz. 96 00:13:03,959 --> 00:13:07,759 If, for example, in July 1942 Those who came to Auschwitz - 97 00:13:07,919 --> 00:13:11,639 would come to the police and them his number would be examined - 98 00:13:11,759 --> 00:13:14,559 and would be asked, when did they come there. 99 00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:17,999 So the authenticity of the document could be verified. 100 00:13:18,119 --> 00:13:20,599 Hardly had reached the end of the sentence, - 101 00:13:20,719 --> 00:13:25,679 when responsible for the Polish investigation the ex-policeman would roll up his sleeves - 102 00:13:25,999 --> 00:13:29,159 and showed us in his arm to be a number. 103 00:13:29,359 --> 00:13:33,759 He said: "I came to Auschwitz in November 1943." 104 00:13:33,999 --> 00:13:38,399 "There's my number. That's it to the numbers shown in the list." 105 00:13:39,399 --> 00:13:43,359 161135... 106 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:48,199 That was my name from November 1943 - 107 00:13:48,639 --> 00:13:52,639 to January 17, 1945. 108 00:13:53,799 --> 00:13:56,599 Those numbers were our only name. 109 00:14:09,799 --> 00:14:12,839 There were 14 of us interrogators. 110 00:14:13,079 --> 00:14:16,239 Technical personnel including - 111 00:14:16,479 --> 00:14:19,879 we were a total of 34 workers. 112 00:14:20,719 --> 00:14:23,959 We organized interrogations for months. 113 00:14:24,279 --> 00:14:27,679 We played Documents for Eichmann - 114 00:14:27,879 --> 00:14:31,079 and we asked him questions. 115 00:14:31,359 --> 00:14:34,599 We recorded his answers, - 116 00:14:34,799 --> 00:14:39,599 until we got enough material for legal purposes. 117 00:15:25,359 --> 00:15:29,079 In my opinion, justice was for witnesses. 118 00:15:29,239 --> 00:15:31,719 When those people came here, - 119 00:15:31,879 --> 00:15:34,879 they had no families. 120 00:15:35,199 --> 00:15:38,479 Adapting to Israel had been difficult. 121 00:15:39,079 --> 00:15:42,079 They had had to face the blame. 122 00:15:42,599 --> 00:15:46,719 They had been misunderstood and humiliated. 123 00:15:49,719 --> 00:15:54,719 One morning he testified Jewish lawyer Burzminski. 124 00:15:57,279 --> 00:15:59,239 First we went to the ghetto. 125 00:16:01,639 --> 00:16:04,999 There I saw Bamberger. 126 00:16:08,359 --> 00:16:11,039 Burzminski said he saw, - 127 00:16:11,359 --> 00:16:16,679 how the SS man beat a Jewish boy. 128 00:16:18,919 --> 00:16:24,559 The doctor counted his beats, blow by blow. 129 00:16:25,239 --> 00:16:27,599 There were 80 hits. 130 00:16:29,239 --> 00:16:32,599 The story sounded so strange, - 131 00:16:32,959 --> 00:16:36,959 that� it was like from another world. 132 00:16:37,159 --> 00:16:40,799 It was difficult for those present believe what you hear. 133 00:16:41,079 --> 00:16:44,959 Prosecutor Hausner asked Burzminski a question. 134 00:16:45,599 --> 00:16:50,079 "Mr. Burzminski, see you in the hall the boy who was beaten at that time?" 135 00:16:50,359 --> 00:16:52,159 "I don't see." 136 00:16:52,319 --> 00:16:56,039 "Is he the one sitting next to me Police Officer Goldman?" 137 00:16:56,239 --> 00:16:58,879 “It is. He's Police Officer Goldman." 138 00:16:59,279 --> 00:17:01,479 I looked at Micky Goldman, - 139 00:17:01,639 --> 00:17:05,039 who sat more than half a meter get out of the glass booth. 140 00:17:05,239 --> 00:17:08,239 Everyone in the hall understood. 141 00:17:08,639 --> 00:17:11,159 It was a very symbolic moment. 142 00:17:11,319 --> 00:17:15,319 Humiliated, tortured and about the beaten boy - 143 00:17:15,559 --> 00:17:18,159 had become the accuser. 144 00:17:18,559 --> 00:17:20,959 It was a moment of reckoning. 145 00:17:21,319 --> 00:17:24,799 Goldman was like the embodiment of justice. 146 00:17:27,199 --> 00:17:30,199 When the court adjourned, - 147 00:17:30,439 --> 00:17:38,119 one of the heroes of the Warsaw ghetto, Antek, Jitzhak Zuckerman, - 148 00:17:40,199 --> 00:17:43,599 went to Micky's. 149 00:17:43,799 --> 00:17:46,439 Antek asked Micky�: 150 00:17:46,639 --> 00:17:49,559 "Why didn't you tell me? We didn't know." 151 00:17:49,999 --> 00:17:52,839 I haven't spoken tell anyone about it. 152 00:17:53,039 --> 00:17:55,399 I have told story only once. 153 00:17:55,559 --> 00:18:00,159 I told you then when I came to Israel. 154 00:18:00,399 --> 00:18:04,199 Another couple sat next to me. 155 00:18:04,359 --> 00:18:06,959 We spoke Yiddish, - 156 00:18:07,239 --> 00:18:10,319 but I already understood Hebrew. 157 00:18:12,119 --> 00:18:18,919 The man had listened to my story and whispered to his wife: 158 00:18:19,319 --> 00:18:23,799 "They've had such a terrible time experiences Shoan during," - 159 00:18:23,999 --> 00:18:26,479 "that they could not distinguish," - 160 00:18:26,639 --> 00:18:29,319 "which is true and what an imagination." 161 00:18:29,879 --> 00:18:34,719 When Haim Gouri and Antek Zuckerman asked, - 162 00:18:34,999 --> 00:18:38,679 why hadn't I told them I answered: 163 00:18:39,519 --> 00:18:43,759 “That man unbelief was the 81st blow." 164 00:18:44,719 --> 00:18:49,199 I was by no means the only one, who received the 81st blow. 165 00:18:50,559 --> 00:18:55,559 All immigrants who told about their experiences in the ghettos, - 166 00:18:56,399 --> 00:18:59,919 met the unbelief of the Israelites. 167 00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:17,999 Our first commander was a great man. 168 00:20:19,959 --> 00:20:23,759 His name was Itzhakel, Itzik Wittenberg. 169 00:20:24,559 --> 00:20:27,679 The night of July 15 - 170 00:20:28,479 --> 00:20:33,479 Gens, Vilnius ghetto chief of the Jewish police, - 171 00:20:34,559 --> 00:20:39,999 asked us to surrender for the Germans - 172 00:20:40,719 --> 00:20:42,959 Itzik of Wittenberg. 173 00:20:44,479 --> 00:20:47,959 The Germans were left the ghetto, - 174 00:20:48,079 --> 00:20:51,279 but they had said to Gens,— 175 00:20:51,439 --> 00:20:58,999 that� if Wittenberg� is not surrendered for them by three o'clock, - 176 00:21:00,159 --> 00:21:03,079 they would start destroying the ghetto. 177 00:21:03,319 --> 00:21:05,959 The whole ghetto was terrified of flight. 178 00:21:07,079 --> 00:21:10,159 People attacked us. 179 00:21:10,559 --> 00:21:15,759 Those who had been condemned to murder, turned against their defenders. 180 00:21:18,079 --> 00:21:22,119 Our men were pulled by the hair. 181 00:21:22,479 --> 00:21:25,279 Their blood flowed in the streets, - 182 00:21:25,519 --> 00:21:29,599 when they tried to talk sense for the ghetto residents. 183 00:21:29,799 --> 00:21:34,599 Their lives did not depend about that one man. 184 00:21:34,799 --> 00:21:39,639 At dawn we went to the Wittenberg hideout. 185 00:21:39,879 --> 00:21:42,559 He wanted to commit suicide. 186 00:21:43,719 --> 00:21:47,199 I said to him: 187 00:21:47,919 --> 00:21:50,639 "The Jews are in the streets." 188 00:21:51,559 --> 00:21:54,919 “We have to to fight our own," - 189 00:21:55,319 --> 00:22:00,119 “while the enemy looks at us and laughs." 190 00:22:01,839 --> 00:22:03,839 "That's the way it is." 191 00:22:03,999 --> 00:22:06,999 "If you say, we're going to fight." 192 00:22:07,199 --> 00:22:09,599 "Are you ready to do that?" 193 00:22:10,799 --> 00:22:12,599 "I don't." 194 00:22:12,799 --> 00:22:14,999 He wasn't ready for that. 195 00:22:15,759 --> 00:22:18,159 Wittenberg was a great man. 196 00:22:19,359 --> 00:22:24,599 He gave me his revolver and appointed me commander. 197 00:22:26,199 --> 00:22:29,039 Then he stepped into the street. 198 00:22:30,639 --> 00:22:35,159 He walked the ghetto's wastelands streets and surrendered to the Gestapo. 199 00:22:37,959 --> 00:22:40,959 He was tortured, and then he died. 200 00:23:08,879 --> 00:23:12,399 I have never seen one in my life Accused like Eichmann�. 201 00:23:12,559 --> 00:23:15,599 We've never been before heard of a criminal, - 202 00:23:15,719 --> 00:23:18,479 who has killed with equal ferocity. 203 00:23:18,719 --> 00:23:22,719 He has killed in droves innocent people, especially children. 204 00:23:22,879 --> 00:23:25,719 That's what we've heard during 10 days, - 205 00:23:25,879 --> 00:23:29,839 beyond imagination even the creepiest inventions. 206 00:23:29,999 --> 00:23:32,999 Eichmann is a peculiar murderer. 207 00:23:33,519 --> 00:23:37,599 He listens relaxed and calm in his headphones. 208 00:23:38,279 --> 00:23:42,559 He sits calmly in his place and listens with interest. 209 00:23:42,719 --> 00:23:46,159 The witness statements are so horrific, - 210 00:23:46,319 --> 00:23:48,359 that I cannot repeat them�. 211 00:23:48,519 --> 00:23:51,079 You couldn't bear to hear that. 212 00:23:51,799 --> 00:23:54,599 Eichmann's justice is important, - 213 00:23:54,959 --> 00:23:58,239 because in connection with it� was brought up for the first time - 214 00:23:58,439 --> 00:24:04,279 persecution of Jews and Jews the whole story of genocide - 215 00:24:04,639 --> 00:24:09,599 very clearly and dramatically. 216 00:24:10,279 --> 00:24:15,519 Then the world heard for the first time in the name of the victims. 217 00:24:16,199 --> 00:24:20,399 The world heard their witness- his statements on a large scale, - 218 00:24:20,519 --> 00:24:22,359 one day after another. 219 00:24:38,239 --> 00:24:40,839 Did you hang out at the crematorium? - We met. 220 00:24:40,999 --> 00:24:44,759 Our task was carry firewood there. 221 00:24:45,039 --> 00:24:48,639 Sometimes firewood was used - 222 00:24:48,839 --> 00:24:53,439 also for heating the camp. 223 00:24:55,039 --> 00:24:58,839 When we were got our work done, - 224 00:24:59,079 --> 00:25:03,959 Sonderkommando kapo k�vi we ate when it was so cold. 225 00:25:04,159 --> 00:25:07,399 "You made the children cold." 226 00:25:07,759 --> 00:25:12,159 "Go to the heating gas into the chamber. There is no one there." 227 00:25:12,799 --> 00:25:15,599 Did you go there to warm up? 228 00:25:16,079 --> 00:25:20,839 We either went undressing- room or gas chamber. 229 00:25:21,799 --> 00:25:27,199 Sometimes we were told outside the gas chamber, - 230 00:25:27,399 --> 00:25:31,639 that we can't go there yet, because there are people there. 231 00:25:31,839 --> 00:25:35,399 Sometimes when people had been burned crematorium in three, - 232 00:25:35,759 --> 00:25:38,399 we had to clean up the ashes, - 233 00:25:38,599 --> 00:25:41,399 so that they could... 234 00:25:41,479 --> 00:25:44,359 Spread to you, in the winter. 235 00:25:58,439 --> 00:26:03,799 This garment comes from the planet, which is called Auschwitz. 236 00:26:06,639 --> 00:26:10,839 If I�, who fell off the planet, - 237 00:26:11,039 --> 00:26:13,839 I can be like this today, - 238 00:26:14,079 --> 00:26:21,679 I firmly believe it is due to an oath, which I swore to the victims. 239 00:26:22,359 --> 00:26:26,919 They are gone from me, - 240 00:26:28,879 --> 00:26:34,959 but I can still see that oath in their eyes. 241 00:26:39,439 --> 00:26:41,959 Wait a minute, please. 242 00:26:46,239 --> 00:26:47,959 Silence. 243 00:26:50,039 --> 00:26:52,239 Take your seats. 244 00:27:34,079 --> 00:27:36,199 I ask for silence. 245 00:27:36,439 --> 00:27:39,639 Remove that person from the hall. 246 00:28:28,799 --> 00:28:33,159 Remove that person from the hall. I ask for silence. 247 00:28:53,599 --> 00:28:56,479 According to some people - 248 00:28:56,599 --> 00:29:00,399 some Jewish leaders for example in Poland... 249 00:29:00,999 --> 00:29:04,319 They were sometimes forced to make lists, - 250 00:29:04,519 --> 00:29:07,519 so to choose Jews, - 251 00:29:07,679 --> 00:29:11,199 which would be sent to the death camps. 252 00:29:11,799 --> 00:29:15,879 Some refused, but some did the job ordered - 253 00:29:16,159 --> 00:29:19,839 to save yourself and your family. 254 00:29:20,719 --> 00:29:24,319 It was very difficult for us criticize people about it, - 255 00:29:24,559 --> 00:29:27,679 what they had done - 256 00:29:28,079 --> 00:29:31,679 well here in an exceptional situation. 257 00:30:18,399 --> 00:30:20,479 That was my job. 258 00:30:20,679 --> 00:30:22,999 Everything else is just information. 259 00:30:23,199 --> 00:30:25,599 If H�ss won, - 260 00:30:25,759 --> 00:30:29,759 that I talked with him gasifications, - 261 00:30:29,959 --> 00:30:32,519 that is not true. 262 00:30:32,799 --> 00:30:35,799 I didn't care about such things. 263 00:30:36,119 --> 00:30:40,759 Instead, I followed those instructions very reluctantly. 264 00:30:41,439 --> 00:30:44,239 Against my repeated requests, - 265 00:30:44,559 --> 00:30:49,359 that I would be released from those duties, - 266 00:30:49,679 --> 00:30:52,159 my superiors did not agree, - 267 00:30:52,279 --> 00:30:54,839 so i had to to follow the instructions. 268 00:31:15,439 --> 00:31:17,959 At the end of 1941, - 269 00:31:18,319 --> 00:31:22,359 Heydrich sent invitations to the meeting, - 270 00:31:22,639 --> 00:31:26,119 which was very long Wannsee near Berlin. 271 00:31:26,359 --> 00:31:30,279 The meeting would be gathered high authorities - 272 00:31:30,479 --> 00:31:35,199 and they would be told about the new policy of the kingdom. 273 00:31:35,479 --> 00:31:38,119 The purpose of the Wannseen meeting - 274 00:31:38,359 --> 00:31:43,359 was to coordinate Massacre of European Jews. 275 00:31:43,679 --> 00:31:50,239 Eichmann took it quite consciously and willingly to do for himself, - 276 00:31:50,759 --> 00:31:53,759 whose p��m�r�n� was genocide, - 277 00:31:53,959 --> 00:31:56,759 killing millions of Jews. 278 00:31:59,639 --> 00:32:02,279 Did Eichmann have a guilty conscience? 279 00:32:02,559 --> 00:32:06,999 He said it completely voluntarily and repeated when questioned: 280 00:32:07,119 --> 00:32:10,679 The leaders of the Third Reich according to the decision - 281 00:32:10,799 --> 00:32:12,959 all European Jews, - 282 00:32:13,119 --> 00:32:17,159 territories under German control Jews would be murdered. 283 00:32:17,279 --> 00:32:19,239 It was their decision, - 284 00:32:19,359 --> 00:32:22,519 and Eichmann was theirs your faithful official�. 285 00:32:22,639 --> 00:32:27,039 He just followed the orders and took care sleep as well as possible. 286 00:32:48,559 --> 00:32:52,559 There was talk of killing, elimination and destruction. 287 00:32:52,679 --> 00:32:56,639 I had to prepare a notebook. 288 00:32:56,759 --> 00:32:59,479 I couldn't stop listening, - 289 00:32:59,679 --> 00:33:02,919 but those words were carried to my ears. 290 00:33:03,199 --> 00:33:07,799 The room was not very big, so I separated individual words. 291 00:33:09,439 --> 00:33:15,839 Did this meeting happen? during the official leg? 292 00:33:16,519 --> 00:33:20,679 Of course, during the official part, Mr. Chairman. 293 00:33:20,839 --> 00:33:23,639 The official share was divided into two parts, - 294 00:33:23,799 --> 00:33:29,719 especially at the beginning everyone was quiet and listened - 295 00:33:29,959 --> 00:33:35,679 and then finally it all started talk to each other. 296 00:33:36,359 --> 00:33:41,799 Our glasses were filled all the time with cognac or other drinks. 297 00:33:42,719 --> 00:33:46,279 No alcohol however affected.... 298 00:33:51,239 --> 00:33:53,119 You mean, - 299 00:33:53,359 --> 00:33:57,679 that� the means of killing were secondary point? 300 00:33:58,879 --> 00:34:01,039 The means of killing? 301 00:34:01,199 --> 00:34:03,879 That's what we're talking about! 302 00:34:04,079 --> 00:34:07,119 No, they weren't talked about. 303 00:34:09,279 --> 00:34:13,399 Was there any talk at that point? about gassing? 304 00:34:14,039 --> 00:34:15,599 No, not with gas. 305 00:34:15,799 --> 00:34:18,199 How then? 306 00:34:34,879 --> 00:34:39,719 Eichmann said the sentence "Jews were transported to slaughter." 307 00:34:39,959 --> 00:34:44,279 He was not responsible for the death- from the camps and not from the execution squads, - 308 00:34:44,479 --> 00:34:48,519 but Adolf Eichmann organized - 309 00:34:48,679 --> 00:34:53,039 as well as gatherings of Jews that forced transportation of Jews. 310 00:34:53,159 --> 00:34:57,079 That's why he was central perpetrators of genocide. 311 00:35:16,079 --> 00:35:19,839 Before going to court I was in charge of the investigation. 312 00:35:20,039 --> 00:35:22,479 I will never forget the day, - 313 00:35:22,639 --> 00:35:26,239 when I was sitting in my office, so there� in prison. 314 00:35:26,719 --> 00:35:30,359 I read the memoirs of Rudolf H�ss. 315 00:35:30,599 --> 00:35:33,119 H�ss was the commandant of Auschwitz. 316 00:35:34,479 --> 00:35:37,479 H�ss was executed in 1948. 317 00:35:37,679 --> 00:35:40,879 Before his execution he wrote his memoirs. 318 00:35:41,559 --> 00:35:44,079 I just read them that day. 319 00:35:44,359 --> 00:35:47,479 H�ss wrote, that on some days - 320 00:35:47,679 --> 00:35:51,679 they had to kill a thousand Jewish children a day. 321 00:35:52,079 --> 00:35:53,759 He describes, - 322 00:35:53,999 --> 00:35:58,479 how children sometimes on their knees prayed those around him. 323 00:35:58,679 --> 00:36:02,479 H�ss tells that when he dragged children into the gas chamber, - 324 00:36:02,719 --> 00:36:05,359 sometimes his knees would ache. 325 00:36:05,599 --> 00:36:09,959 He added that he felt afterwards h�pe�� from his weakness, - 326 00:36:10,079 --> 00:36:14,119 when he spoke about it to the Obersturm- bannf�hrer with Eichmann. 327 00:36:14,239 --> 00:36:16,239 It was Eichmann's SS rank. 328 00:36:16,479 --> 00:36:21,679 Eichmann had explained to him, that the children had to be killed first. 329 00:36:21,879 --> 00:36:27,079 It would be ep�logical to kill the generation of older people, - 330 00:36:27,239 --> 00:36:29,639 but let the younger ones live, - 331 00:36:29,759 --> 00:36:33,079 of which would grow possible a generation of avengers, - 332 00:36:33,199 --> 00:36:35,599 which could recreate the race. 333 00:36:51,279 --> 00:36:53,079 Herr Rommel, - 334 00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:56,879 Adolf Eichmann has defended himself repeatedly saying: 335 00:36:57,079 --> 00:37:00,879 "Befehl is Befehl" i.e. a request is a request. 336 00:37:01,599 --> 00:37:06,199 How do you as the son of a marshal do you interpret his defense? 337 00:37:06,959 --> 00:37:09,639 "K�sky is k�sky", sheer noise. 338 00:37:11,839 --> 00:37:16,159 That's what a man for whom ethics says thinking is completely foreign. 339 00:37:17,759 --> 00:37:22,719 If he says he couldn't refrained from doing his deeds, - 340 00:37:22,879 --> 00:37:24,759 he's talking trash. 341 00:37:24,879 --> 00:37:29,279 Even in a dictatorship, one is completely alone- repeat the things you avoided doing. 342 00:37:29,479 --> 00:37:33,519 Just don't comply such orders - 343 00:37:33,679 --> 00:37:36,719 and goes to the front line. 344 00:37:37,239 --> 00:37:39,639 As far as I know, - 345 00:37:39,919 --> 00:37:44,239 in the third kingdom, no would have been shot or hanged, - 346 00:37:44,399 --> 00:37:47,799 who would have said to sacrifice his life at the front, - 347 00:37:47,919 --> 00:37:51,119 because you don't want that kind of job or unable to do so. 348 00:37:51,279 --> 00:37:55,879 "Give a job to a man who can't to fight. I want to fight!" 349 00:37:56,039 --> 00:37:57,959 P��t�s is of course difficult. 350 00:37:58,079 --> 00:38:01,399 Go to the front line means losing one's life. 351 00:38:02,239 --> 00:38:05,239 "We obeyed orders." 352 00:38:07,159 --> 00:38:11,959 Eichmann's defensiveness disgusted us�. 353 00:38:13,839 --> 00:38:17,679 Eichmann and everyone else too Nazis condemned in Europe - 354 00:38:17,879 --> 00:38:21,519 they all said the same. 355 00:38:21,959 --> 00:38:25,159 “We had sworn to follow our instructions," - 356 00:38:25,399 --> 00:38:28,319 "so it's not your fault�." 357 00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:14,439 In 1956 - 358 00:39:14,999 --> 00:39:20,559 German Dutch A journalist named Willem Sassen, - 359 00:39:20,919 --> 00:39:24,519 who had served the SS in special forces during the war, - 360 00:39:24,639 --> 00:39:28,079 at least as a propagandist and as a war correspondent - 361 00:39:28,199 --> 00:39:32,079 and fled to Argentina after the war then, like many Nazis, - 362 00:39:32,239 --> 00:39:34,799 met Eichmann by chance. 363 00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:38,639 Interviewed by Willem Sassen several times. 364 00:39:39,319 --> 00:39:41,879 In those conversations - 365 00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:46,839 Eichmann bragged about his role in the "final settlement". 366 00:39:47,039 --> 00:39:50,079 He described himself as an idealist. 367 00:39:50,439 --> 00:39:52,079 In his words - 368 00:39:52,199 --> 00:39:55,919 he gathered at the end of the war your husband in the ruins of Berlin - 369 00:39:56,039 --> 00:39:59,719 and told them to jump joyfully knowing his grave, - 370 00:39:59,839 --> 00:40:04,399 that he had killed 5 million an enemy of the municipality, i.e. a Jew. 371 00:40:04,559 --> 00:40:07,679 When those tapes was heard at the beginning of the trial, - 372 00:40:07,879 --> 00:40:10,479 their effect was jarring. 373 00:40:12,399 --> 00:40:16,399 I will read next, what you had said. Listen up. 374 00:40:17,319 --> 00:40:20,559 "That was the case with the Jews." 375 00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:26,239 "When I�, innocent as a child child and unprepared," - 376 00:40:26,599 --> 00:40:30,639 "I was ordered to take action, our guests against," - 377 00:40:30,799 --> 00:40:33,679 "I pondered in my mind bring the questions." 378 00:40:33,999 --> 00:40:37,599 "When I asked, that there was no alternative," - 379 00:40:37,799 --> 00:40:43,479 "I followed orders fanatically, which can be expected from a person," - 380 00:40:43,679 --> 00:40:47,719 "which has long been National Socialist" - 381 00:40:47,879 --> 00:40:53,679 "and from the man whose superiors were ready for that task." 382 00:40:56,559 --> 00:41:00,159 Is that true? Are these your words? 383 00:41:00,399 --> 00:41:02,639 I said I didn't know... 384 00:41:02,839 --> 00:41:05,679 Did you say that or not? 385 00:41:05,879 --> 00:41:10,159 I can't say. Perhaps I had drunk wine�. 386 00:41:10,399 --> 00:41:14,439 Maybe I didn't say anything like that but it was added later. 387 00:41:14,679 --> 00:41:16,599 I don't know. 388 00:41:18,239 --> 00:41:24,079 I believe that Eichmann was a thinking person, - 389 00:41:24,319 --> 00:41:28,319 who made his own choices, h�n made informed choices. 390 00:41:28,559 --> 00:41:34,559 Thus, it would not have worked stupid man, gray bureaucrat, robot. 391 00:41:36,079 --> 00:41:40,199 Thus acted the man who considered his actions carefully. 392 00:41:41,599 --> 00:41:43,399 Are you up to it, - 393 00:41:43,679 --> 00:41:47,399 to exterminate the Jews participated is a criminal? 394 00:41:47,719 --> 00:41:50,079 He was an unhappy person. 395 00:41:51,999 --> 00:41:56,799 Was he a criminal? Was it or wasn't it? 396 00:41:57,959 --> 00:42:00,759 I dare not answer the question, - 397 00:42:00,959 --> 00:42:04,759 because I didn't have to myself never in such a situation. 398 00:42:06,479 --> 00:42:09,999 You saw H�ss destroy Jews in Auschwitz. 399 00:42:10,759 --> 00:42:14,199 Did you consider him a criminal then? 400 00:42:16,039 --> 00:42:18,519 I told him, - 401 00:42:18,679 --> 00:42:22,679 that I could never do it, what does he do when ordered. 402 00:42:23,559 --> 00:42:25,679 You didn't answer my question. 403 00:42:25,879 --> 00:42:29,039 Keep in your heart H�ssi� as a murderer? 404 00:42:29,359 --> 00:42:32,479 In my heart... - No, but in your heart. 405 00:42:32,759 --> 00:42:35,959 The question concerns my personal feelings. 406 00:42:36,199 --> 00:42:40,359 I haven't talked about them before, I'm not talking about them today. 407 00:42:40,639 --> 00:42:45,479 What my heart says, is solely my business. 408 00:42:46,879 --> 00:42:50,519 No, you must answer to my question now. 409 00:42:50,679 --> 00:42:55,319 How did you like H�ssi� when did you see him murdering jews? 410 00:42:56,679 --> 00:42:59,799 You must answer. 411 00:43:00,159 --> 00:43:02,759 As a murderer of Jews say, - 412 00:43:02,919 --> 00:43:05,719 you liked� Are you a criminal or not? 413 00:43:05,879 --> 00:43:08,679 I felt a sense of myth and a smile on his face. 414 00:43:08,799 --> 00:43:11,919 You considered H�ss� a criminal or not? 415 00:43:12,119 --> 00:43:14,839 I don't reveal my innermost feelings. 416 00:43:23,919 --> 00:43:27,319 You cannot avoid my questions. 417 00:43:27,559 --> 00:43:30,839 What did you think? about the destruction program - 418 00:43:31,079 --> 00:43:34,479 and of them, who participated in it? 419 00:43:37,959 --> 00:43:40,799 A person can get into situations, - 420 00:43:40,959 --> 00:43:44,159 who drive them to the brink of insanity. 421 00:43:44,719 --> 00:43:49,799 From there, it is not a small step to to act without thinking - 422 00:43:50,039 --> 00:43:52,119 and grabs a gun. 423 00:43:52,399 --> 00:43:56,879 Each individual reacts to those situations in their own way. 424 00:43:57,399 --> 00:43:59,799 All I can say is, - 425 00:44:00,079 --> 00:44:04,079 how I would actually be myself and possibly reacted. 426 00:44:04,239 --> 00:44:07,799 I can't to judge someone else, - 427 00:44:08,039 --> 00:44:11,199 who has received such an order, - 428 00:44:11,599 --> 00:44:18,679 that's why those questions are matters of each individual's conscience. 429 00:44:19,039 --> 00:44:23,039 In other words, H�ss was not criminal in your eyes? 430 00:44:23,279 --> 00:44:25,439 I didn't say that. 431 00:44:37,239 --> 00:44:39,079 Lord. 432 00:44:39,359 --> 00:44:43,399 I have to answer a little longer. 433 00:44:43,799 --> 00:44:48,479 That sort of thing depends about each one's feelings. 434 00:44:49,079 --> 00:44:52,199 When I saw it for the first time dead people�, - 435 00:44:52,359 --> 00:44:54,679 dead Jews, - 436 00:44:54,959 --> 00:44:57,559 I was very shocked. 437 00:44:58,559 --> 00:45:02,839 That reaction got on my nerves. 438 00:45:03,079 --> 00:45:07,159 It remained permanent and still affected me. 439 00:45:07,479 --> 00:45:14,399 I continued with my work dictated by iron necessity. 440 00:45:15,199 --> 00:45:21,359 What I had to see affected me. 441 00:45:21,959 --> 00:45:25,359 I asked several times from my supervisor, - 442 00:45:25,519 --> 00:45:29,879 that in the name of the creator he would be freed I was made of it. 443 00:45:30,119 --> 00:45:32,559 Finally, I would like to state, - 444 00:45:32,879 --> 00:45:39,399 that even then I thought it was violent solution as unjustified. 445 00:45:39,759 --> 00:45:45,279 I thought even then, that it was a monstrous act. 446 00:45:45,599 --> 00:45:51,599 Alas, my oath of allegiance bound me to it. 447 00:45:51,959 --> 00:45:57,359 I worked in transport in related matters, - 448 00:45:57,559 --> 00:46:00,679 I was not released of my sworn obligations. 449 00:46:01,279 --> 00:46:03,879 That's what I wanted to say. 450 00:47:39,599 --> 00:47:43,839 It was May 30, 1962. 451 00:47:44,239 --> 00:47:47,039 I went there that night to Ramla prison, - 452 00:47:47,279 --> 00:47:51,319 Miss Eichmann was angry hanged in the execution chamber - 453 00:47:51,479 --> 00:47:54,599 just before half time. 454 00:47:55,479 --> 00:48:01,319 We stood opposite Eichmann, which had just been brought in. 455 00:48:01,559 --> 00:48:07,119 They were placed on the stage. 456 00:48:09,639 --> 00:48:12,799 He said in German: 457 00:48:13,679 --> 00:48:15,759 "Long live Germany!" 458 00:48:15,919 --> 00:48:19,759 "Long live Argentina! Long live Austria!" 459 00:48:20,079 --> 00:48:22,679 "I won't forget those three countries." 460 00:48:24,559 --> 00:48:30,079 He already had asked around the neck. 461 00:48:31,999 --> 00:48:34,559 Then he fell. 462 00:48:34,719 --> 00:48:40,439 The body was taken to be burned, - 463 00:48:40,559 --> 00:48:43,799 to the oven that had been built to the prison yard - 464 00:48:43,959 --> 00:48:47,199 especially for Eichmann. 465 00:48:47,519 --> 00:48:51,519 Then the ashes were taken out. 466 00:48:53,799 --> 00:48:56,599 I was amazed when I saw, - 467 00:48:56,879 --> 00:49:02,679 how little of the human remains. 468 00:49:09,399 --> 00:49:13,879 I remembered one day, - 469 00:49:14,399 --> 00:49:18,999 maybe a week after that, when I had come to Birkenau. 470 00:49:19,599 --> 00:49:23,559 We were taken to look at ash mountain. 471 00:49:23,879 --> 00:49:26,319 Ash mountain... 472 00:49:27,119 --> 00:49:30,599 We already knew that the ashes were originally from humans. 473 00:49:31,639 --> 00:49:36,439 Quite close to the ash mountain was the crematorium. 474 00:49:37,359 --> 00:49:42,759 I knew it the moment I saw it The sinews of Eichmann's body, - 475 00:49:42,999 --> 00:49:46,759 ett� Birkenau's huge ash mountain - 476 00:49:46,839 --> 00:49:51,439 consisted of hundreds of thousands from the ashes of people. 477 00:49:52,479 --> 00:49:55,999 In the port of Jaffa - 478 00:49:57,599 --> 00:50:01,999 we boarded the police boat with the urn with us. 479 00:50:02,199 --> 00:50:04,759 We went to sea. 480 00:50:04,999 --> 00:50:09,319 Six miles Outside Israeli territorial waters - 481 00:50:09,599 --> 00:50:15,359 prison director Nir and min� we opened the urn. 482 00:50:16,639 --> 00:50:21,919 We poured the ashes into the sea. 483 00:50:25,719 --> 00:50:28,879 When we were scattered the ashes in the water, - 484 00:50:29,559 --> 00:50:32,599 we returned to land. 485 00:50:33,919 --> 00:50:38,079 The sun was just rising. 486 00:50:38,639 --> 00:50:42,439 Jaffa came closer. 487 00:50:43,119 --> 00:50:45,959 I watched people go there. 488 00:50:46,159 --> 00:50:49,839 The fishermen returned along with y�n's catch. 489 00:50:50,039 --> 00:50:52,439 I saw... 490 00:50:58,039 --> 00:51:00,879 ...I will continue to live. 491 00:51:01,719 --> 00:51:05,439 Y�n's nightmare was over.